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Negotiated Security Community
1995 - 2001
The late 1990s witnessed the emergence of a negotiated regional security order in the Indo-Pacific, where normative offers of a security community intersected with the practical limits of multilateral diplomacy and confidence-building measures. Economic liberalization and regional integration restructured governance, accelerating institutional-building and shifting emphasis toward crisis response and realignments that reframed regional cohesion. Expansion and intra-regional dynamics tested cohesion as rapid membership growth, maritime disputes, and identity debates shaped policy design and the behavior of regional actors.
• Regional security architecture in the Asia-Pacific evolved through the 1990s but revealed fragility: ARF/ASEAN mechanisms face limits, with debates over multilateralism versus the 'ASEAN Way' and the role of confidence-building measures in producing security outcomes [1], [3], [4], [15], [18], [17].
• Economy-driven regional order dominates the 1990s: ASEAN Free Trade Area, APEC institution-building, and crisis-induced realignments reshape governance, trade convergence, and regional cohesion across the Asia-Pacific [6], [7], [13], [14].
• Expansion and intra-ASEAN dynamics test cohesion, governance, and confidence-building in the face of rapid membership growth and disputes, notably the South China Sea and broader security tensions [8], [11], [10].
• Regional discourse, imaginaries, and identity underpin policy: Pacific Rim conceptions, the ASEAN Way, and foreign-policy cooperation shape institutional design and strategic behavior in the Asia-Pacific [5], [9], [15], [18], [17].
ASEAN-Driven East Asian Regionalism
2002 - 2022